In Class Work- Paper 1

4. Artificial Intelligence is one way in which computer systems are used to solve problems. It is used in many different situations, including on personal system. An example on artificial intelligence is the use of office assistant (Clippy) in Microsoft Office.

a. Define the term artificial intelligence.

Artificial intelligence is when a computer has some intelligence. It obtains this intelligence by having a programer define words, and phrases, so it "knows" what the computer user is asking it.

b. Describe how Clippy could tell that the user was writing a letter.

Clippy would be able to know that a user was writing a letter because when the programer was programing Clippy, not only defining terms it defines phases or key formats. Clippy would know the general phrases used in a letter. (ie. dear who ever, and also the formatting of starting off with an address or date in the upper right hand corner.) When Clippy recognizes these phrases it will send a dialogue box out to the user asking what to do to continue.

c. Explain why it is possible that Eliza in this conversation is not a human being but really a computer running artificial intelligence.

It is possible for Eliza to be from computer intelligence because the conversation does not make since. It does not flow like a normal conversation between two people. To start off a conversation it is never started with "Hi I'm Eliza, Tell me your problems." just like that and expect the other person to tell you the problems. The fact that the other contributer in the conversation went along with it shows that it was what they were expecting it to be a computer with artificial intelligence. Also, A key tell of that Eliza is really just a computer is because she asks what "you certainly would means" any moderate level english speaker knows what this means. When Eliza asks what it mean and then the definition that is given then is stored in her data base so in the future she will know what it means.

Area of Impact: Health

3. In many hospitals around the world, surgeons are performing surgery with the assistances of robots. Robot surgery has been taken a step further with surgeons being able to use remote-controlled robots to perform surgery on patients thousands of miles away.

a. Identify one input and one output device using in robotic surgery.

One input device is a joy stick which would control the knife in surgery. One output device is the monitor in which the doctor is watching the surgery take place on so he knows where to move the tools.

b. Describe one capability and one limitation of Robot when used in surgery.

One capability of this sort of robotic sugary is that the doctor could be out of the country or the patent could get a specialist to do the work, this would save the patient money because they no longer have to travel out of the country for the work. ONe limitation to this sort of persedure is that the robot can not be nearly as persice as a human, and if something was to go wrong with the technology, then the patient will be in danger because the doctor is not there to finish the surgery

d. Discuss one economic concern, one reliability concern and one other concern patients under going robotic surgery. Evaluate the significance of these concerns.

There are many concerns for this type of surgery. When discuss the economics behind the surgery it really matters if the surgeon being used is out of the country and there is no one else who could perform the surgery then it would be cheaper rather to have to travel. If it is such an important surgery like heart surgery then most likely doctors will not recommend flights back afterwards. This will increase the cost. In this case it would appear to be more beneficial to use to robotic surgery so the recovery could be in the comforts of home. Both cases the cost would be more but it would seem that traveling would increase the cost even more.

There are much more reliability concerns, money is something that can be earned and fixed, but if something goes wrong in surgery the patient could easily die. There are more smaller concerns as well. Being a doctor, they must have great control of their hands and not miss place the knife and accidently cut a vein, or tendon. also the input device being a joy stick, does not have nearly the control of hands. this effects the reliably because it seems that these sort of surgeries would not be as reliable as with a doctor.

Another concern would also be even with all of the protection and security, the transfer of information from the doctor to the patient must take place online which means the connection could be lost or someone could hack into maliciously. and potentially kill the patient. this is a great concern because there are people with great hacking abilities.

With all of these concerns taken into consideration, it seems like there are too many concerns to the benefits. As stated above money can be re-earned, but when someone's life/health/ and well being is on the line then the money should be spent in order to insure a surgery by a doctor doing the work is done.

Simulation Pratice

ITGS SL1/HL2

Modeling/Simulations Practice

1. When customers visit a supermarket, they do not expect to wait in checkout queues for too long, however the supermarket manager cannot afford to have all the checkouts open all of the time.

In an attempt to solve the problem the supermarket manager may decide to make a computer model using a spreadsheet to calculate the optimum number of checkouts that should be open at any time. N07P1

(a) Define the term computer model. (2)

Computer model is a simulation of a real life situation like a check out line a grocery store that allows variables to be changed in order to receive the most possible productivity.

(b) Describe two inputs into the model that would be needed in order to calculate the best number of checkout operators. (4)

Two different inputs that could be used could be, a key board for alternating the data also sensors which automatically collect data from the check out machines.

(c) Explain why this or any other computer model may not give accurate results. (4)

This and other computer models like it could potentially not give accurate results because there are going to be other variables that can not be accounted for. this would cause the rate of costumers to change and then the amount that the grocery store opens would not be correct. Another way that the table could not work completely is because the grocery store can account for holidays but there are other holidays and special events that they will not be able to calculate, there might be a big local game so everyone goes to the store that night or something along those lines.

2. Computer models and computer simulations are often used by businesses to test and train staff. One situation where a computer simulation is used is in the training of airline pilots. M07P1

(a) Define the term computer simulation. (2)

Computer simulation is a situation that is completely simulated- pilots are often trained using this sort of technology.

(b) Describe two input devices that would be used in a pilot training computer simulation. (4)

Two input devices that a pilot uses are the joy stick thing that they use to steer the plane and also another input device would be all of the buttons in which control the wings, wheels, air pressure, and others as well.

(c) Explain one benefit and one problem associated with training pilots on simulators instead of using real planes. (4)

One benefit to training pilots in simulations instead of real life is that they are not liable for the really expensive planes if they do "crash" while they are learning. One draw back is that it is a simulation, yes if it is good enough to train people with it must have a lot of the different variables connected into it, but there is nothing like first hand experience, and truly learning how to fly the plane and how it feels like.

Vocab

model- a computer design that can "predict the future"

simulation- a computer model that is designed to copy a real situation and teach people to work with it, ie, the way that pilots are trained.

feedback loop-A feedback loop (FBL), sometimes called a complaint feedback loop, is an inter-organizational form of feedback by which an internet service provider (ISP) forwards the complaints originating from their users to the sender's organizations

tutorial software- Software that shows the user how to run the program

training software- software that tells the user how to run the program

wizards and assistants- Software that helps with a specific task (normally recognizes the task then helps with it ie, completing the date)

help menu and help features- Helps the user search for and then complete specific tasks,

“Read Me” files-A file meant to be read before taking any significant action with the items in its directory

Class work

4.5 reading and questions

There was not enough time to finish

4.25 Fire departments often do "controlled burns:" that is, they carefully burn areas of brush to prevent a destructive wildfire from starting alter. some departments use a computer model to tell when it is safe to do a burn. A fire department official with 25 years experience believed the computer model was not very good. He ignored the model, used his own judgement, and did a burn safely with no problems. But he was reprimanded by his boss for ignoring the computer. Give an argument in his defense. Give an argument in support of his boss.

The worker would say that when he started working as a fire fighter, they did not have the option of this software, he learned by using reason. also he would say that his brain can take into effect all of the conditions, and really have a better understanding of what is going on. The boss would say that the company has standardized on the modeling software so he should participle in effort, the old guy does not get spacial treatment just because he is old.

4.26 suppose there are three companies that make a similar product. One does physical tests to check the safety of the product. one uses only computer simulations. the third will not disclose the testing methods it uses. suppose ou are on jury for a case where someone's is suing on of the companies because of an injury received from the product.

a. would your decision about awarding money to the plaintiff be be affected by the company's policy about testing? if so how? if not, what factors are more important to you?

b. suppose reliable data show that the injury for the product is almost identical for all three companies. With that additional information, would your decision be affected by the company's testing policy.

a. My decision about awarding money would be affected by the policys about the testing, the one company that will not release their information seem very questionable. I feel most comfortable with the physical testing and then the computer modeling close behind, and very uncomfortable with the one that is not mentioned.

b. with the second information, i would want to compare all of the testing results. If all of the different companies had the same problem then it was something that all three companies were looking over.

4.27 An article in the magazine in 1993 stated that "since the 1960's more than 100 separte studies have confirmed that doubling of the CO2 concentration would raise average surface temperatures by one to four degrees centigrade." was this an accurate statement? Explain your answer.

• I agree with this statement but in the reading it refers to an idea of a potential new ice age, this is obvisoly incorrect and it shows that computer modeling is not always correct. This is correct because all of these different studies used computer models, The models use past knowledge and then create a hypothesis for the future based on what was entered into the computer model.

4.28 which of the following models do you think would produce very accurate results? which do you think would be less reliable?

Reliable

• Income tax- that is forumal based
• moon- science based
• co2 science based

Not reliable

• optical fiber- 30 years is a long time
• speed of a boat- conditions are always different

4.29 suppose you have the following data:

• The number of tons in the known reserves of an important natural resources say copper
• the average amount of the resource used per person (worldwide) per year
• the total population of the world.

Suppose a computer program uses these data to determine in how many years the resource will run out. it also uses and ..... Out of time....